Every cell in the body generates energy through metabolic reactions that take place primarily in the mitochondria. These reactions allow nutrients from food to be converted into ATP, the molecule cells use to perform work.
However, this process naturally produces reactive molecules known as free radicals. In controlled amounts, free radicals are a normal byproduct of metabolism. When they accumulate beyond the body’s ability to neutralize them, oxidative stress can occur.
Oxidative stress may affect proteins, lipids, and cellular structures, influencing how efficiently cells carry out everyday functions. Over time, this can impact how well cells respond to energy demands.